|
|
Vliv konstrukce odhrnovaček na odpor pluhu
Opluštil, Adam
In the theoretical part, the construction of soil preparing machines is discussed, in particular the construction of ploughs is described and the construction of machines for minimizing soil preparing is also described. The practical part dealt with the investigation of two types of plough mouldboards. The first type of design is the standard mouldboard and the second type is the slatted mouldboard. The content of the work was, among other things, to determine which type of construction exerts more resistance on the whole plough. Pöttinger SERVO 45 M PLUS and SERVO 45 M PLUS NOVA ploughs were used for the measurements. Both ploughs were 4-radial reversible so that the results could be compared. A Zetor Forterra 150 HD tractor with a power of 95 kW (129,2 hp) was used as the tractive power source. The field measurement, which took place from 9 August to 11 August 2021, took place in the municipality of Sebranice u Skalice nad Svitavou. The approximately 10 ha of land where the measurements were carried out consisted of brown earth with a humus content of 2,5 %. Furthermore, measuring sections of 50 m length were marked out. During the measurements, data were collected on: time taken to pass the measuring sections, pulling power, fuel consumption, soil compaction and plough depth and width. Fuel consumption was measured with mass flow meters. To measure the specific resistance of the plough, the plough system was pulled by a second tractor. The tractor was a John Deere 8330 tractor with a power of 254 kW (330 hp). The connection between the two tractors was provided by a rope with an embedded Hottinger strain gauge force transducer that was placed in the hitch of the pulling tractor. The condition for calculating the plough resistance was to find the rolling resistance out, which was then subtracted from the tractive force. The results indicated that the average percentage difference between the specific resistances of the ploughs was almost 4,7 % with the standard mouldboard (68.47 kPa) having a higher specific resistance than the slatted mouldboard (65.40 kPa). This suggests that in heavier soils it is economically more advantageous to use a plough with a slatted mouldboard, which has less resistance.
|
|
|
Analýza vlivu půdní injektáže na stabilitu a vitalitu stromů
Kyslík, Ondřej
The bachelor thesis deals with the influence of air injection on the stability and vitality of the tree. The measurement was performed on three individuals of the species Tilia cordata Mill. Based on the data measured using pulling tests, a safety factor was calculated for each tree before and after soil injection. No significant changes were observed among the safety factors, and it can be confirmed that in this case the air injection treatment had no influence on the stability of the examined trees.
|
|
|
Průzkum půd z hlediska degradace půdní struktury a stavby s využitím penetrometrie pro vybranou oblast
POLAN, Tomáš
The diploma thesis deals with soil degradation, individual degradation processes and examines the soil structure in the selected area. Two research technologies were chosen for the processing of the work, one of them is the measurement of soil com-paction by pedometric means and the other is the analysis of soil samples taken using Kopecky rollers to determine the water retention capacity, porosity and aera-tion of the soil. In the selected area, two soil cultivation methods are compared with each other, soil cultivation technology with plowing and soil cultivation technology without plowing. At the end of the work, the results of the investigation will be summarized and procedures recommended for reducing degradation effects on the soil.
|
|
|
Porovnání utužení půdy na zemědělském pozemku v závislosti na použité technologii jejího zpracování
MACH, Václav
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of soil degradation by compaction and with the influence of different method of cultivation on pedocompaction. It describes the problem of soil compaction, origin of this degradation, its impacts and whether it is possible to prevent the compaction or eliminate it afterwards. It also deals with description of measuring device which is able to find out the figures of penetrometric resistance of soil and its moistness. The thesis also closely describes individual work operations that have been done on the land. The tillage is analysed in detail because it is the system of cultivation that can highly influence the compaction. The most commonly used systems of soil cultivation are mentioned with their advantages and disadvantages. The experiment in the diploma thesis deals with the influence of soil compaction using different technology in its process. The field experiment took place on a trial field that was divided into two parts in terms of tillage. The first part was used for ploughing within three years and on the other ploughing was replaced by loosening. After collecting necessary data their evaluation took place. The figures of penetrometric resistance and soil moisture are summarized in tables and plotted in graphs for better interpretation.
|
|
|
Minimalizační technologie zpracování půdy ke kukuřici na zrno
Adámek, Josef
This diploma thesis is aimed at comparing the influence of various soil tillage alternatives on grain corn yield and the changes of soil properties. The observation was carried out at an experimental station with corn monoculture, in an experiment established in 2001 in a corn production area on loam Orthic Luvisol. The thesis compiles results from years 2015 and 2016. Four basic examples of soil tillage were assessed - ploughing (0,22 m), deep loosening (0,25 m), shallow loosening (0,12 m) and direct sowing. The highest average grain corn yield was achieved in 2016 after deep loosening (13,35 t.ha-1), similar values were after shallow loosening (13,23 t.ha-1) and ploughing (12,94 t.ha-1), the lowest yield was after direct sowing (12,35 t.ha-1). The yield in year 2015 was influenced by extreme climate conditions. It was approximately by 50% lower than in year 2016. The highest yield was after deep loosening (6,67 t.ha-1) and the lowest after ploughing (5,63 t.ha-1). This diploma thesis also evaluates basic soil physics - bulk density, total porosity, minimum soil air capacity and soil moisture content. It follows from statistical assessment that when the intensity of soil tillage sinks, the values of bulk density raise statistically significantly and total porosity sinks. The alternative of direct sowing proved the highest values of bulk density, the lowest values of total porosity and the lowest values of minimum soil air capacity. The values measured during direct sowing in 0,10-0,20 m depth exceeded the critical limits of soil compaction. The lowest soil moisture content was shown during deep loosening and the highest during direct sowing. Measured penetrometric soil resistance always increased under the depth of soil tillage and there the more solid layer was formed. However, the critical limit indicating soil compaction was exceeded only during tillage. It was in depth 0,25 m. From long-term evaluation, shallow loosening can be recommended to grow grain corn in this area. This alternative provides corn with optimal conditions for its growth and development. When compared to the alternative of ploughing it is more soil-friendly, more profitable and uses labour force more effectively. The experience from practice and the results of our experiment vindicated the recommendation of regular deep loosening inclusion when growing grain corn.
|
|
|
Hodnocení vlivu pojezdů mechanizačních prostředků na utužení půdy v meziřadí vinic =: Evaluation of the impact of mechanical means on soil compaction in vineyards. /
Klasa, Ferianc Juraj
The dissertation thesis deals with the evaluation of the influence of the movements of the mechanization devices on soil compaction in grassed and cultivated vineyard between the lines after application of graded doses of organic matter (compost). This question was verified using penetrometer measurements. For the purpose of experimentation were selected in the vineyard region of South Moravia three experimental habitats with different soil conditions (Lednice, Velké Bílovice, Mikulov). In the autumn of 2013, the application of compost to the cultivated intercooler took place in doses of 5 and 10 kg.m-2. Penetrations measurements for each experimental site were carried out in four variants (grassed between the lines, cultivated between the lines, cultivated between the lines with application of 5 kg.m-2 and cultivated between the lines with application of 10 kg.m-2). Individual measurements were performed using a Eijelkamp penetrometer, which works at an accuracy of 99.9 % and its working depth is 800 mm. At the same time, soil samples were removed to determine the current soil moisture. Based on the measurements, high values of soil compaction were found for all monitored habitats. At the same time, the positive effect of the organic mass produced in the form of compost on the total soil compaction was demonstrated, which was 20 % lower in autumn 2016 than in the autumn of 2013. The worst was the period of spring 2014 and autumn 2015. The highest values of penetrometric resistance of the soil were measured from the rule for grassed between the lines. On the contrary, the lowest values were measured for the variant of the cultivated between the lines with the application of 10 kg.m-2. The parts of the dissertation are also the results of the evaluation of pressure transmissions using the TASC program and the results of the tire imprint.
|
|
|
Hodnocení fyzikálních vlastností půd v podmínkách trvale udržitelného vývoje vinic =: Evaluation of the physical properties of soils in conditions of sustainable development of vineyards /
Jankovičová, Marta
This dissertation deals with the influence of the application of two different doses of compost on the change of selected physical properties of soils. Experimental sites (Lednice, Klentnice, Velké Bílovice) with different soil conditions were selected for experimentation purposes in the wine-growing region of South Moravia. Experimental measurements were performed from autumn 2013 to autumn 2016. Sampling of intact soil samples using Kopecky physical cylinders was carried out in nine variants at each site, respecting intergranular maintenance management, spatial zoning and compost batching. The physical properties were mainly monitored by the weight reduction (OHR, g. cm-3) and the total porosity (P %) which, as significant aspects, predict soil compaction. On the basis of analyzes of physical properties, pedocompact rate was found in all experimental vineyards, while the positive effect of organic matter in the form of compost on the values of OHR and the total soil porosity was demonstrated.
|
|
|
Influence of soil compaction on production parameters of sugar beet
Balák, František ; Pulkrábek, Josef (advisor) ; Milan, Milan (referee)
The methods of autumn tillage in sugar beet are still oriented mainly on classic cultivation, which is based on ploughing. Minimalization methods have recently appeared in sugar beet as well, mainly due to their anti-erosion effect. This thesis deals with question, whether is the minimalization tillage able to match classic cultivation in its positive effect on soil fertility. To compare the effect, penetration resistance has been measured, as it serves as an indicator of field compaction, which should be alleviated by autumn tillage. Aim of this thesis is to measure the effect of soil compaction on soil cultivated by ploughing or deep chiseling in a particular area of sugar beet and to assess the impact of soil compaction on its production.
Research has taken place in semi-practice experiments in fields in the vicinity of Jičín in years from 2012 to 2015. Measured field parameters were soil penetration resistance and soil wetness. Rated parts of vegetation have been manually harvested in technological maturity and from sampled tubers has been determined yield, sugar content and other quality parameters. Tested fields were medium compacted, penetration resistance to 40 cm was in average between 3 to 4 MPa, depending on tillage quality and on sampling date. Ploughing and deep chiseling managed to provably alleviate soil compaction and thus considerably helped to setup sugar beet vegetation well. Yield and qualityparameters were very good, yield of tubers reached in average 95 t.ha-1 and the sugar content 18,7 %. Yield of polarization sugar reached in average 17,8 t.ha-1.
As the research has shown, autumn tillage by deep chiseling is in its soil loosening effect comparable with ploughing and even exceeds it a little in its influence on vegetation quality. Good autumn tillage raises values of all yield factors and quality parameters. Between basic parameters of yields were found no statistically significant differences for the two autumn tillage methods. In the yield of polarization sugar per hectare was found a statistically significant difference of 1,5 % for the benefit of deep chiseling.
|
|
|
Hodnocení negativního vlivu degradačních faktorů na půdu a návrh možností jeho omezení - vytvoření podkladů pro plnění požadavků daných návrhem Směrnice na ochranu půdy EU
Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita v Brně, Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Brno ; Vysoké učení technické v Brně, Fakulta stavební, Brno ; Ekotoxa Opava, s.r.o., Opava ; Remeš, Michal ; Menšík, Ladislav ; Dumbrovský, Miroslav ; Kulhavý, Jiří ; Sáňka, Milan
Základním cílem projektu je vytvoření metodických podkladů a návrhů pro podporu udržitelného užívání půdního fondu a zajištění informací z oblasti ochrany půdy. Projekt má ověřovat možnosti pro zlepšení stavu zemědělských, lesních a ostatních půd v ČR s ohledem na negativní působení jednotlivých degradačních faktorů. Celá struktura projektu je sestavena tak, aby byly vytvořeny podklady pro plnění požadavků daných návrhem Směrnice na ochranu půdy EU. Jedná se zejména o tyto požadavky: Zlepšit stav půd s ohledem na vliv jednotlivých degradačních faktorů, přispět k objasnění zákonitostí procesů degradace půd, omezit znečištění půdy, ověřit možnosti pro zlepšení stavu zemědělských, lesních a ostatních půd a navrhnout nápravná opatření. Závěrečná zpráva za první rok řešení (září – listopad) je zaměřena na základní popis problematiky působení degradačních faktorů na půdu. Uvedeny jsou hlavní zásady navrhované Směrnice na ochranu půdy EU a jejich promítnutí do řešení projektu. Jsou definovány hlavní degradační faktory: eroze, ztráty organické hmoty, zhutnění, salinizace, sesuvy, kontaminace, zábory , ztráty na biodiverzitě. U hlavních degradačních faktorů jsou uvedeny metody měření a hodnocení a též podkladové informace pro identifikaci ohrožených oblastí na území ČR.
|
|
|
Influence of timber harvestings on forest ecosystems in Šumava National Park.
VOKÁČ, Otakar
The consequence of the differentiation of a care of forest ecosystems in NP Šumava is the existence of localities where timber harvesting causes damage to forest ecosystem. One of the most affected ecosystems is the soil ecosystem. The surface is usually disrupted by numbers of passing over the same path the machines. Forwarders are the harvesting machineries that execute the largest number of passes in the forest. The aim of the diploma work is to gain and analyse data dealing with harvesting technologies, and to evaluate their impact on soil ecosystems. The impact was determinate from measuring of the recessing of the track in the surface, of the soil compaction and of the soil sampling for determination of an amount of the water in the soil. The data were measured in different selected localities in NP Šumava. The negative influences of the harvesting technologies were defined for both {--} water and air regime of soil. Recommendation for reduction of negative consequences of the harvesting on soil are parts of diploma work as well.
|
guest ::
